Localisation methods for fully automated train operation
Localisation in focus: In the AutomatedTrain project, localisation methods are being tested for the use case of fully automated dispatching and stabling movements.
In driverless operation, the train must respond autonomously to objects in its surroundings. For an ATO GoA4 system to react safely, it must be capable of determining its own position continuously and with a high degree of accuracy. One of the AutomatedTrain project’s key tasks is therefore to derive requirements and implement suitable localisation methods, including an assessment of their suitability and validity. The methods under consideration include ETCS odometry, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), landmark-based localisation, as well as combinations of these approaches.
Particular attention is being paid to the critical evaluation of satellite-based methods, which have frequently been used as a reference for localisation to date. However, obstructed lines of sight to satellites, reflections and jammers can significantly impair position determination or even render it impossible. The project is therefore investigating, within the intended area of deployment, how a more precise geometric analysis of the surroundings can be used to identify shadowing effects affecting individual satellites. Reflections from non-line-of-sight signals can thus be identified as sources of interference, allowing the affected satellites to be excluded selectively and the positioning accuracy to be improved significantly. Another promising approach is landmark-based localisation. Using perception sensors, trackside elements are recognised from highly accurate digital maps, enabling precise determination of both position and orientation. This method has already been tested successfully.
What is decisive, therefore, is not any single method in isolation, but the intelligent combination of several approaches. Only the interplay of ETCS odometry, GNSS and landmark-based localisation enables a robust and precise overall system. In a recent specialist article published in the May 2026 issue of Eisenbahningenieur, the authors use the AutomatedTrain use case of fully automated dispatching and stabling movements to provide insight into the topic, explain the requirements placed on localisation methods, and present feasible tests as well as further potential applications.
The AutomatedTrain project is a collaboration between nine partners from different sectors. Within the framework of the project, systems for fully automated dispatching and stabling movements are being specified, developed and tested. Following the successful completion of the project, the industry partners will be able to move directly into their series development phases on the basis of the results achieved.
AutomatedTrain is funded by the Federal Republic of Germany and the European Union. Funding is provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag, as well as by the European Union.
